Bar and Rod
Plate and Sheet
Strip
Pipe and Tube
Wire
Welding
Powder Material
Cast Products
Forged Products
Fittings
Fastening
Round Bar:
φ2–500 mm, 1–6 m length
Flat/Square Bar:
4–100 mm thickness/width
Hex Bar:
A/F 3–100 mm
Hollow Bar:
OD 20–300 mm
Sheet:
0.3–6 mm thickness
Medium Plate:
6–25 mm thickness
Heavy Plate:
25–100 mm thickness
Standard Strip:
0.05–3 mm thick,
10–600 mm wide
Precision strip:
0.01–0.5 mm thick,
tight tolerance ±0.005 mm
Foil:
0.005–0.1 mm thick
Seamless Tube:
OD 6–450 mm,
WT 1–50 mm,
1–12 m length
Welded Tube:
OD 10–600 mm,
WT 1–20 mm
Capillary Tube:
OD 1–10 mm,
WT 0.1–2 mm
Wire Form:
Cold Drawn Wire,
Bright Wire,
Spring Wire,
Fine Wire,
Ultra-fine Wire
General Diameter:
φ0.1–10 mm
Coil Weight:
50–500 kg,
customizable tolerance
Solid Wire:
φ0.8–4.0 mm
Flux-cored Wire:
φ1.2–4.0 mm
Welding Rod:
φ2.0–5.0 mm
Powder Form:
AM 3D Printing Powder,
Spherical Powder,
Gas-atomized Powder,
Water-atomized Powder
Particle Size:
10–150 μm
Sphericity:
≥90% for AM grade
Cast Ingot:
φ200–800 mm
Precision Casting:
min wall 0.5 mm
Cast Pipe:
OD 100–600 mm,
WT 10–50 mm
Forged Bar:
Φ35–500 mm
Forged Ring:
OD 200–2000 mm
Forging Weight:
1–5000 kg
Fittings Form:
Elbow, Tee, Reducer, Flange, Cap, Outlet, Lap Joint
Size range:
1/2''–24'' (DN15–DN600)
Wall thickness:
Sch10–Sch160, STD, XS, XXS
Pressure Class:
150–2500 LB
Fastening Form:
Bolt, Nut, Screw, Stud, Washer, Pin, Rivet
Metric: M3–M64
Imperial: #4–2.5''
Length: 6–500 mm
Pure Hafnium is wrought unalloyed hafnium, a heavy steel-grey reactive and refractory metal. This datasheet presents the material within the American (ASTM / UNS) standard system.
Hafnium is very closely related to zirconium — the two form a continuous solid solution at all proportions — but differs critically in its very high thermal-neutron-capture cross-section, the opposite of zirconium, which makes hafnium valuable for nuclear control rods. It is a refractory metal with a high melting point, good high-temperature strength, excellent corrosion resistance in many media through a protective oxide film, and good ductility and weldability. ASTM B776 covers two grades: Grade R1, a low-impurity reactor grade (UNS R02001) for nuclear control applications, and Grade R3, a commercial grade used principally for alloy addition. It is supplied in the recrystallised annealed condition.
Typical applications include nuclear-reactor control rods, alloying additions to nickel and refractory superalloys, plasma-cutting electrodes, and high-temperature and electronic components.
| Property | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Density | 13.31 | g/cm³ |
| Melting point | 2233 | °C |
| Elastic modulus | 138 | GPa |
| Coefficient of thermal expansion (20–100 °C) | 5.9 | µm/m·°C |
| Thermal conductivity (20 °C) | 23 | W/m·K |
| Specific heat (20 °C) | 144 | J/kg·K |
| Structure | Hexagonal close-packed (alpha) | — |
| Element | Symbol | Min % | Max % | Role in Alloy |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hafnium | Hf | Balance | — | Base element |
| Zirconium | Zr | — | 4.5 | Naturally associated; controlled |
| Iron + Chromium | Fe + Cr | — | 0.20 | Residual |
| Oxygen | O | — | 0.13 | Interstitial; strength |
| Carbon | C | — | 0.025 | Interstitial impurity |
| Nitrogen | N | — | 0.010 | Interstitial impurity |
| Hydrogen | H | — | 0.005 | Interstitial impurity |
Annealed condition, typical values for ASTM B776 hafnium.
| Condition | Property | Value |
|---|---|---|
| Annealed | Tensile strength (UTS) | ≥345 MPa (50 ksi) |
| Annealed | 0.2% yield strength | ≥207 MPa (30 ksi) |
| Annealed | Elongation at break | ≥18 % |
| Cold-worked | Tensile strength (UTS) | higher; less ductile |
| — | Elastic modulus | 138 GPa |
Confirm against the mill test report. Strength depends on impurity (especially oxygen) content and condition.
| Environment | Performance | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Water / steam (high temperature) | Excellent | Protective oxide; nuclear service |
| Mineral acids (most) | Very Good | Resistant through oxide film |
| Strong alkalis | Very Good | Generally resistant |
| Hydrofluoric acid | Poor | Attacked |
| Oxidizing air (>400 °C) | Limited | Oxidises; protect for high-temperature air |
Hafnium resists water, steam and many acids and alkalis through a tenacious oxide film, but is attacked by hydrofluoric acid and oxidises in air at elevated temperature.
A reactive refractory metal; not hardenable by precipitation. Properties are governed by working and annealing.
Anneal Anneal in vacuum or a protective atmosphere at approximately 700–800 °C to recrystallise and restore ductility after cold work. Avoid oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen pickup, which embrittle the metal.
Good weldability by inert-gas and vacuum processes; the weld and hot metal must be fully shielded from air, because oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen pickup cause embrittlement.
| Welding Process | Applicability | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| GTAW / TIG | Good | High-purity inert shielding or chamber |
| EBW (vacuum) | Good | Preferred for clean welds |
| Resistance / spot | Good | — |
Weld under high-purity inert shielding or in vacuum; protect the cooling weld from atmospheric contamination.
Machining Guidelines
| Parameter | Recommendation |
|---|---|
| Machinability | Fair; sharp tooling, slow speeds, heavy feeds |
| Caution | Fine chips/turnings are pyrophoric — manage swarf, flood coolant |
| Coolant | Ample non-chlorinated coolant |
Forming Processes
| Process | Notes |
|---|---|
| Cold forming | Good; ductile when annealed |
| Hot forming | Performed warm/hot under protection from oxidation |
| Industry | Typical Components | Key Requirements |
|---|---|---|
| Nuclear | Control rods | High neutron capture + corrosion resistance |
| Superalloys | Alloying addition (Ni and refractory alloys) | Grain-boundary strengthening |
| Plasma cutting | Electrode tips | High-temperature stability |
| Electronics / aerospace | Components, coatings | Refractory performance |
| Product Form | ASTM Standard | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Strip, sheet and plate | ASTM B776 | Grade R1 / R3 |
| Material designation (reactor) | UNS R02001 | Grade R1 |
| Alloy-addition grade | ASTM B776 | Grade R3 |
| Condition | Recrystallised annealed | — |
Wrought unalloyed hafnium. ASTM B776; UNS R02001 (Grade R1).
| Metal | Density g/cm³ | Melting Point °C | Structure | Best Used For |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pure Hafnium | 13.31 | 2233 | HCP | Nuclear control rods, superalloy addition; high neutron capture |
| Zirconium | 6.51 | 1852 | HCP | Chemical-process corrosion resistance; low neutron capture |
| Titanium | 4.51 | 1668 | HCP | Lightweight corrosion-resistant structures |
| Tantalum | 16.6 | 2996 | BCC | Chemical / medical corrosion resistance |
| Niobium | 8.57 | 2468 | BCC | Superconductors, nuclear, chemical service |
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